ISSN 0003-3847
© Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2004

Contents of Volume 41 Number 1, 2004

Åström, H. & Hæggström, C.-A. 2004: Generative reproduction in Allium oleraceum (Alliaceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 1–14.
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Bergfur, J., Carlsson, A. L. M. & Milberg, P. 2004: Phenological changes within a growth season in two semi-natural pastures in southern Sweden. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 15–25.
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Bjerke, J. W. & Elvebakk, A. 2004: Comparison of morphological, anatomical and chemical characters in Pseudocyphellaria endochrysa and P. vaccina (Lobariaceae, lichenised Ascomycota). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 27–35.
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El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K. & Galal, H. K. 2004: Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 37–45.
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Kukk, E. & Hällfors, G. 2004: Cosmarium taxillus (Desmidiaceae) in Finnish Lapland. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 47–51.
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Leht, M. & Paal, J. 2004: Variation of Potentilla sect. Potentilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia and neighbouring countries. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 53–61.
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Svensson, B. M. & Carlsson, B. Å. 2004: Significance of time of attachment, host type, and neighbouring hemiparasites in determining fitness in two endangered grassland hemiparasites. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 63–75.
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Enroth, J. 2004: Two new combinations in Porotrichum (Neckeraceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 77.
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Tyler, T. 2004: Lectotypifications of names of species of Hieracium known from the Swedish provinces Gotland and Östergötland. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 79–83.
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Nomenclatural novelties in Ann. Bot. Fennici 41(1). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 84.
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Åström, H. & Hæggström, C.-A. 2004: Generative reproduction in Allium oleraceum (Alliaceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 1–14.

The field garlic Allium oleraceum is reproducing by subterraneous bulbs, and above ground by bulbils and seed. Two chromosome numbers, tetraploid (2n = 32) and pentaploid (2n = 40) have been found in Finland and Sweden. The seed production was studied in some populations of A. oleraceum mainly in south Finland. The fruits mature only if visited by insects and the seed ripen only in favourable, that is warm and not too dry, summers. Several insect species of the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera were found to visit flowers of Allium oleraceum. The most frequent visitors were Bombus lapidarius (Apidae), Dolichovespula norwegica and D. saxonica (Vespidae), Eumenes spp. (Eumenidae), Volucella spp. and Syrphus spp. (Syrphidae), Pieris napi (Pieridae) and Autographa gamma (Noctuidae). Wasps of the family Vespidae are very regular visitors in the flowers of Allium oleraceum. Thus we suggest that Allium oleraceum is a species which has "wasp blossoms". Both tetraploid and pentaploid plants are visited by insects and they both produce viable seed. The seed is described. In germination tests most of the seeds of both ploidy levels germinated well.

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Bergfur, J., Carlsson, A. L. M. & Milberg, P. 2004: Phenological changes within a growth season in two semi-natural pastures in southern Sweden. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 15–25.

Phenological changes within a growth season were investigated in two grazed, semi-natural grasslands in southern Sweden. On four occasions during the growth season, two independent observers recorded plant frequency and percentage cover. The vegetation data sets were analysed with ordination methods. The temporal changes were highly significant, but accounted for only a small part of the total variation in the data. Most species had early maxima, regarding both cover and frequency. There were differences in temporal pattern between the two grasslands. In a xeric area, the vegetation underwent a major change sometime in August, between survey-visit three and four. In a mesic area, the vegetation changed throughout the study period but least so during August. Therefore, phenological changes can be manifested in different ways, even within the same geographic region. Species-wise ordination scores highlighted those species whose records might be most affected by phenological patterns, information which is valuable when evaluating data collected in Scandinavian grasslands.

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Bjerke, J. W. & Elvebakk, A. 2004: Comparison of morphological, anatomical and chemical characters in Pseudocyphellaria endochrysa and P. vaccina (Lobariaceae, lichenised Ascomycota). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 27–35.

A comparison of morphology, anatomy and chemistry of the two closely related lichens Pseudocyphellaria endochrysa and P. vaccina is presented. The presence of a scabrid-areolate upper surface in P. vaccina and a minutely pubescent, non-scabrid upper surface in P. endochrysa have been used as key characters for distinguishing the two species. However, the present study shows that in exposed habitats, such as in alpine habitats of southern South America and in low antarctic tundra on South Georgia, P. endochrysa also has a scabrid-areolate upper surface, almost without any hairs. In more protected sites, the upper surface of P. endochrysa is more pubescent and not scabrid. Previous reports of P. vaccina from the treeless zones in southernmost South America and the South Atlantic islands are referable to P. endochrysa. This conclusion is also supported by anatomical and chemical characters. Analyses by HPLC and TLC showed that pseudocyphellarins A and B, calycin, pulvinic dilactone and pulvinic acid are the principal lichen substances in P. endochrysa. In P. vaccina, pseudocyphellarin A is generally in minor amounts only, and pseudocyphellarin B was not detected. The three pulvinic acid derivatives are present in yellow-medullary thalli of P. vaccina. Distribution maps are presented. While P. endochrysa is very rare north of 50° southern latitude, P. vaccina is common north to 37°S.

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El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K. & Galal, H. K. 2004: Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 37–45.

Bioassays on Chenopodium murale demonstrated that root and shoot aqueous extracts reduced the seed germination, seedling establishment, plant growth and metabolite production of four target species. Leaf area and dry matter production showed a decreasing trend in response to the different treatments. Similar effects were found for pigment, carbohydrate and protein contents. In general, inhibition percentage was a function of extract concentration and plant tissue type. Shoot treatment was more strongly inhibitory than root treatment. The target species arranged from the most affected to the least affected were Melilotus indicusTrifolium alexandrinumTriticum pyramidalLycopersicon esculentumCucumis sativus.

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Kukk, E. & Hällfors, G. 2004: Cosmarium taxillus (Desmidiaceae) in Finnish Lapland. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 47–51.

Cosmarium taxillus was recently described from Finnish Lapland. We found the species in another similar locality. Our material displays a wider morphological variation, especially towards larger dimensions, than described in the protologue. The morphology of a developing zygospore with the attached parental semicells is illustrated. Cosmarium bioculatum var. subhians is combined into C. taxillus as Cosmarium taxillus var. subhians.

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Leht, M. & Paal, J. 2004: Variation of Potentilla sect. Potentilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia and neighbouring countries. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 53–61.

One-hundred and eighty specimens of Potentilla erecta, 58 of P. reptans, 49 of P. anglica and 19 of P. x italica were studied phenetically using 19 macromorphological characters. As P. erecta and P. reptans are quite common in Estonia, while P. anglica is absent from that country, the occurrence of P. x italica in Estonia points to its possible origin from hybridization of the former two species. Estonian P. x italica produces no seeds and is hexaploid (2n = 42). Potentilla x italica and P. anglica appeared, from the statistical point of view, morphologically well separable from each other as well as from their putative parents. In comparison with the varieties of P. erecta, var. erecta and var. strictissima, which do not cluster into separate groups, it is reasonable to treat P. x italica, which clearly forms clusters of its own, on the same level as P. reptans and P. anglica, i.e., to recognize it as a morphologically stable nothospecies.

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Svensson, B. M. & Carlsson, B. Å. 2004: Significance of time of attachment, host type, and neighbouring hemiparasites in determining fitness in two endangered grassland hemiparasites. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 63–75.

The early-flowering, annual hemiparasite Euphrasia stricta var. suecica is a small and delicate plant, sensitive to competition for light from neighbouring plants in its grassland habitat. Today this variety of E. stricta is highly endangered due to the abandonment of traditional management and increased air-borne nitrogen deposition. As hemiparasites reduce vegetation height, we hypothesized a positive effect of the immediate presence of another endangered and much larger hemiparasite, Rhinanthus serotinus ssp. vernalis, on Euphrasia growth and fitness. In an outdoor pot experiment with the two hemiparasites grown in combination with different hosts no such effect could be detected. However, we found that early attachment to a host greatly enhanced fitness measured as net reproductive rate and seed viability, which was true for both hemiparasites. Host type also mattered: in pots with the leguminous Trifolium pratense, growth was augmented for both hemiparasites. When both leguminous and graminoid hosts were present, Rhinanthus had a higher net reproductive rate.

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Enroth, J. 2004: Two new combinations in Porotrichum (Neckeraceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 77.

The new combinations Porotrichum variifolioides (De Sloover) Enroth and Porotrichum frahmii (Enroth) Enroth are made in the moss family Neckeraceae.

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Tyler, T. 2004: Lectotypifications of names of species of Hieracium known from the Swedish provinces Gotland and Östergötland. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 41: 79–83.

Twenty-eight names of taxa of Hieracium, occuring in, and in most cases described on the basis of material from, the SE Swedish provinces of Gotland and Östergötland are lectotypified.

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