Onnela, J., Lempiäinen, T. & Luoto, J. 1996: Viking Age cereal cultivation in SW Finland – a study of charred grain from Pahamäki in Pahka, Lieto. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 237–255.
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Lehtonen, H., Huttunen, P. & Zetterberg, P. 1996: Influence of man on forest fire frequency in North Karelia, Finland, as evidenced by fire scars on Scots pines. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 257–263.
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Koppel, A. & Heinsoo, K. 1996: Epicuticular wax structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles in Estonia. Variability in naturally growing and cloned trees. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 265–273.
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Mosyakin, S. L. & Robertson, K. R. 1996: New infrageneric taxa and combinations in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 275–281.
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Jalas, J. 1996: Atlas Florae Europaeae notes. 13. Suggestions on Alyssum and Lepidium (Cruciferae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 283–284.
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Ignatov, M. S. & Koponen, T. 1996: On the taxonomy of some East Asian Brachythecium (Brachytheciaceae, Musci). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 285–301.
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Ochyra, R. 1996: Ditrichum lewis-smithii (Ditrichaceae, Bryopsida), a new species from Antarctica. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 303–309.
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He, X.-L. 1996: On the taxonomic significance of lobule characters in the Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 311–316.
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Onnela, J., Lempiäinen, T. & Luoto, J. 1996: Viking Age cereal cultivation in SW Finland – a study of charred grain from Pahamäki in Pahka, Lieto. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 237–255.
Charred cereal remains from the hill of Pahamäki in Pahka, Lieto, SW Finland, and dated to the early Viking Age (AD 700–900) have been investigated. The macrofossils came from the sooty infill of a ditch surrounding a stone cairn. A sub-sample analysis of the material shows that Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare, four-rowed barley, was the staple crop in the Pahka region during the period in question. Secale cereale was also important, whereas Triticum aestivum s.l., Avena sp. and Pisum sativum were poorly represented in the samples. Both charred and non-charred macrofossils of meadow plants, weeds and ruderals, wetland plants and trees and shrubs were present in modest numbers. The length distribution of the barley grains revealed a considerably larger grain size than that recorded in studies from other contemporary Finnish localities. Probable reasons for this and also the low number of rachis fragments and other cereal components found among the grain, are discussed with special emphasis on the origin of plant remains from crop processing and the possibilities of their carbonization. The remains are apparently of cleaned prime grain grown in the rich clayey soils around Pahamäki. The archaeological evidence indicates a possible origin in a cremation burial, but in the light of the macrofossil investigations, the grains may merely have been charred during a fire or in the course of some household activities such as drying or roasting and then deposited later as refuse.
Lehtonen, H., Huttunen, P. & Zetterberg, P. 1996: Influence of man on forest fire frequency in North Karelia, Finland, as evidenced by fire scars on Scots pines. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 257–263.
Fire scars on living Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pine stumps dated by dendrochronology were used as evidence for fire history, the chronology of which was established for a period of 582 years, 1412–1994. A total of 36 different fire years were identified, the average incidence of fires in the area being once every 11.2 years. The mean fire interval was 36.7 years on the upper part of the hill and 58.6 years on the lower part. Forest fires increased in the 17th century and decreased at the end of the 19th century.
Koppel, A. & Heinsoo, K. 1996: Epicuticular wax structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles in Estonia. Variability in naturally growing and cloned trees. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 265–273.
The structure of epicuticular wax of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten) needles from 12 localities on the Estonian mainland was studied by SEM in 1988. Rapid degradation of tubular wax into flattened plate-like structures was observed in all sites. Even during the first growing season degradation was rapid in three localities, two of which are situated far from the local sources of air pollution. In 1993 epicuticular wax structure was studied in cloned young Norway spruces planted in 10 localities. Despite the different exposure of the study sites to air pollution, the rate of wax degradation from tubular into flattened structures in the sites was similar. However, the degradation speed in naturally growing trees was much slower in 1993 than in 1988. Great variability in wax structure within a sample and even within the same needle was found, despite the genetically identical material used for the analysis.
Mosyakin, S. L. & Robertson, K. R. 1996: New infrageneric taxa and combinations in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 275–281.
One new section, one new subsection, one new nothosection, and four new combinations at the sectional level are validated within Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae). The present state of infrageneric classification of the genus is discussed.
Jalas, J. 1996: Atlas Florae Europaeae notes. 13. Suggestions on Alyssum and Lepidium (Cruciferae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 283–284.
Alyssum campestre (L.) L. subsp. strigosum (Banks & Solander) Jalas, comb. nova is proposed. European taxa of the Lepidium lyratum group are revaluated as consisting of L. coronopifolium Fischer and L. meyeri Claus, the latter with subsp. meyeri and subsp. turczaninowii (Lipsky) Schmalh.
Ignatov, M. S. & Koponen, T. 1996: On the taxonomy of some East Asian Brachythecium (Brachytheciaceae, Musci). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 285–301.
The taxonomy of Brachythecium buchananii (Hook.) Jaeg., B. garovaglioides C. Müll., B. glaciale Schimp., B. helminthocladum Broth. & Par., B. plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp., and B. rivulare Schimp. in East Asia are discussed. Descriptions and illustrations based on specimens from China are provided, and distribution and habitat ecology discussed. Brachythecium longicuspidatum (Mitt.) Jaeg. is considered distinct from B. garovaglioides and B. procumbens (Mitt.) Jaeg. from B. buchananii. Brachythecium abakanense Kaal., B. amnicola C. Müll., B. carinatum Dix., B. cuspidiferum (Mitt.) Jaeg., B. fasciculirameum C. Müll., B. perminusculum C. Müll., B. pilicuspis C. Müll., B. planiusculum C. Müll., B. tenuipilum Dix., B. thraustum C. Müll., B. viridefactum C. Müll., B. yunnanense Herz., and B. buchananii var. gracile Broth. are considered to be synonymous with B. buchananii (Hook.) Jaeg.; B. complanatum Broth., B. nivescens Broth. in Par., B. wichurae (Broth.) Par., and B. wichurae var. robustum Dix. are conspecific with B. garovaglioides C. Müll.; B. rivulare var. gracile Broth., B. glaucoviride C. Müll., and B. permolle C. Müll. are conspecific with B. rivulare Schimp.; B. densirete Broth. & Par., B. glauculum C. Müll., B. homocladum C. Müll., B. oedistegium (C. Müll.) Jaeg., and B. subpopuleum Card. & Thér. are conspecific with B. plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp. Lectotypes are selected for 17 names (indexed). Brachythecium garovaglioides is recorded for the first time from Burma and Indonesia and B. glaciale for the second time from the Sichuan Province of China. The presence of B. procumbens in China and Japan is doubted. The presence of B. helminthocladum in China is confirmed. After these synonymizations the number of Brachythecium taxa in China is 48 species and 12 infraspecific taxa.
Ochyra, R. 1996: Ditrichum lewis-smithii (Ditrichaceae, Bryopsida), a new species from Antarctica. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 303–309.
In the Antarctic botanical zone the genus Ditrichum Hampe (Ditrichaceae, Bryopsida) is represented by three species, D. austro-georgicum (Card.) Seppelt, D. brotherusii (R. Br. ter.) Seppelt and D. lewis-smithii Ochyra sp. nov. The latter is closely related to D. immersum Zanten from the sub-Antarctic. However, D. lewis-smithii differs in its gymnostomous capsules, smaller, erecto-patent to widely spreading leaves with flexuose subulae, bistratose lamina cells at the leaf shoulders and mostly 2–3-stratose lamina in the subula. It is an epigean moss growing on bare ground and on soil covering rock ledges and on humus in rock fissures. It has been recorded so far only from the King George and Livingston Islands in the South Shetland Islands as well as from Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands and must therefore be considered an Antarctic endemic.
He, X.-L. 1996: On the taxonomic significance of lobule characters in the Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 33: 311–316.
The taxonomic importance of some lobule characters in the Lejeuneaceae is reviewed and clarified in this paper: (1) The free margin of lobule is defined as the margin between the stem and the distal end of the keel. The number of the cells along the free margin is variable. This is especially true in the genera with distal hyaline papilla, in which the length of the lobule tooth and the number of the cells in the free margin exhibit considerable intraspecific variation. There is no consistent difference in the number of the cells in the free margin between the genera with a proximal hyaline papilla and those with a distal hyaline papilla. (2) This paper emphasizes the use of “the first tooth”, “the second tooth” etc. from distal to proximal for describing lobule teeth, in order to avoid confusion. In the Ptychanthoideae the free margin bears 1–11 distinct lobule teeth, and the number, form and position of the lobule teeth sometimes provide taxonomic criteria in the separation of both genera and species; in the Lejeuneoideae the free margin has no more than two lobule teeth. Often the first tooth or the second tooth is reduced, or sometimes both lobule teeth are obscure. (3) Two positions of the hyaline papilla occur in the Lejeuneaceae: hyaline papilla on the free margin, proximal to the first tooth; or hyaline papilla on the inner side of the lobule, near the proximal base of the first tooth. The species of the Lejeuneaceae in which the hyaline papilla occurs on the inner side of the lobule, usually have more than two lobule teeth; the taxa with 1–2 lobule teeth usually have a marginal hyaline papilla. Therefore, different positions of the hyaline papilla strongly depend on the appearance of the lobule teeth. The position of the hyaline papilla shows less taxonomic importance than the lobule teeth.